Which method may be used when personal service cannot be achieved, if allowed by rules, to ensure notice?

• A. Direct mail to the defendant
• B. Service by email to the defendant
• C. Substituted service or posting, with documentation
• D. Verbal notice to a neighbor

Answer: (C)

When personal service isn’t possible, the rules allow an alternative that still ensures the defendant receives proper notice. Substituted service or posting, with documentation, provides a verifiable way to notify the defendant by leaving copies in a place the defendant is likely to see them (such as the dwelling or place of business) and recording the attempt with an affidavit or other proof. This approach balances practicality with due process, giving the court a clear, auditable record that notice was attempted and delivered. Direct mail or email lacks the same built-in assurance unless the rules specifically authorize them, and verbal notice to a neighbor does not create formal notice or a reliable record.